Unveiling the Legacy of Bhar Tribe of Awadh and Purvanchal

Abstract

The Bhar tribe, an ancient indigenous group originating from the Naga clan, migrated from the Himalayas to establish kingdoms in North India during the post-Mauryan era. Known variously as Rajbhar, Bharat, or Bharashiva, they derived their name from Shiva-worship practices post-victory over the Kushans, as evidenced by inscriptions and historical sites like Bharhut. By the 11th century, they dominated Awadh and Purvanchal, building forts, tanks, and contributing to urbanization. From the 12th century, they faced displacement by migrating Rajput clans and Turkic invaders, including conflicts with Saiyad Salar Masud, Iltutmish, Balban, Alauddin Khilji, and others, often with Rajputs allying against them. Despite defeats, they resisted centralized rule, maintained martial traditions, and promoted Shaivism, including the Dashashvamedha Ghat. Colonial accounts labeled them as "criminal tribes," undermining their status. Scholars like Mirashi and Crooke document their resilience, architectural legacy, and cultural contributions, though their history remains underrecognized. This paper examines their historical trajectory, incorporating field surveys and archival analysis to highlight their socio-political role and ongoing identity struggles